Western Front
Aisne: Heavy fighting on the Aisne; German attacks repulsed. Germany launch 4 attacks against French lines in the Aisne, but only gain some first line trenches.
Verdun: French forces take 3 points near Verdun.
Unveiling of the 1st Australian Division memorial at Pozieres: © IWM (Q 2598): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...660724295356416

Eastern Front
Galicia: “Kerensky” Or “Second Brusilov (Summer)” Offensive: Austro-Hungarian front broken west of Stanislau by General Kornilov; 7,000 prisoners taken, cavalry pursue enemy, rout stemmed by German reserves. Russian forces claim the capture of 7000 Austro-Hungarian prisoners. The resulting gap in the Austrian lines was large enough that, for one of the few times in the war, the cavalry prepared to exploit a breakthrough could actually be used to great effect. Two entire cavalry divisions pushed through and reached as far as Kalusz, over 15 miles distant, by July 11. However, with the Seventh and Eleventh Armies to his north unwilling to renew their offensive, this left the Eighth Army’s rapidly advancing flank increasingly exposed; and the German reserves, as related above, were able to force back the Russian advance.

Naval and Overseas Operations
(Reported for yesterday): German submarine SM U-99 is sunk by the Royal Navy submarine HMS J2.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Persia: Russian forces begin withdrawal from Western Persia; Qasr-i-Shirin evacuated (see May 7th, 1916, March 25th, 1917 and January 8th, 1918).
Mesopotamia: British occupy Dhibban on Euphrates during hottest summer in memory (122°F in shade at Baghdad).
Under 50°C heat (123°F), British troops begin advancing on Ottoman lines defending Ramadi (Iraq).
Cigarette card illustration of a Middlesex Regiment Territorial at Baghdad: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...gdadh.jpg?ssl=1

Political, etc
Russia: The 1st Russian Women’s Battalion of Death, under Maria Bochkareva, head to the front to participate in the Kerensky Offensive: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...343678491832322
Women's Battalions were all-female combat units formed after the February Revolution by the Russian Provisional Government in a last-ditch effort to inspire the mass of war-weary soldiers to continue fighting in World War I. Fifteen formations were created in 1917, including the 1st Russian Women's Battalion of Death, a separate unit called the 1st Petrograd Women's Battalion formed a few weeks later in Petrograd, the 2nd Moscow Women's Battalion of Death created in Moscow, and the 3rd Kuban Women's Shock Battalion organized in Ekaterinodar. Four communications detachments were created in Moscow and Petrograd. Seven additional communications units were created in Kiev and Saratov, again employing privately organized women's units already existing in those cities. Additional unsanctioned battalions sprang in cities across Russia. An all-female naval unit was created in Oranienbaum, the 1st Women's Naval Detachment, as part of the Naval Infantry Training Detachment.
Canada: Tom Thomson, influential Canadian artist, dies under mysterious circumstances. His “The Jack Pine”: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...690928896192517
United States: America declares an embargo on exportation of foods, metal and coal.
Women workers at a flag factory at the Brooklyn Navy Yard: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...328562106970113

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Britain:General Wilson to Haig on Gotha London raid ‘one would have thought the world was coming to an end’.
Flanders: Slight British advance on Messines sector.
Aisne: French counter-attacks at Braye-en-Launnois. German forces attack French lines at the Aisne on a 2-mile front and take 830 prisoners.

Eastern Front
Galicia: “Kerensky” Or “Second Brusilov (Summer)” Offensive: Austrian Third Army retreats to river Lomnica, losing 1000 PoWs. Its C-in-C Tersztyanzky replaced by Kritek by July 16.

Southern Front
Turkey: An RNAS Handley Page (flown out to Mudros in May) bombs (8 x 112lb) Constantinople (Golden Horn area) and Turco-German Fleet for 35 minutes after 7hr flight; destroyer damaged and Turkish War Office.
Handley Page O/100 biplane on an airfield in the Mediterranean: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...e-100.jpg?ssl=1
Isonzo: Austro-Hungarian “attacks” (once again, probably no more than raids) on Italian positions west of Tolmino (Upper Isonzo) repulsed.

Naval and Overseas Operations
Dreadnought battleship H.M.S. Vanguard sunk by internal explosion in Scapa Flow harbor, as a result of unstable cordite (804 dead, only 3 survivors).
Mediterranean: Ludendorff warns German Navy that British may try landings behind Turks in Palestine, U-boat always to be in Eastern Mediterranean (July 16) and Port Said-Gaza route to be mined, 3 U-boats assigned (September 29).

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Russians report evacuation of towns on Mesopotamian front owing to Turkish pressure.

Political, etc
Germany: Military propaganda service entrusted with enlightenment of the front-line troops.
Kaiser rejects von Bethmann-Hollweg’s peace policy without annexation.
France: French Minister of Finance orders the prohibition of imports into the country except for items necessary for the war.
United Kingdom: Secret Session of House of Commons on London air raids.
Japan: Hanabusa Yoshimoto, Japanese diplomat, privy councilor, and former Chairman of the Japanese Red Cross, passed away: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...994161950732288
United States: 300 German and Austro-Hungarian dockworkers are fired from New York City docks on suspicion (without evidence) that they spied on US troop sailings.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Flanders: At dusk, 15 German battalions attack Nieuport: Fierce artillery duels. German marines advance near Lombaertzyde on 1,400-yard front east of Yser mouth and take over 1,000 PoWs; 2 British platoons surrounded, fight to last man. 1st and 32nd Divisions otherwise hold. More German attacks repulsed on July 14. German objective is to prevent British plans to land on the Belgian coast.
A column of German soldiers moving up into attack positions among the dunes near Nieuwpoort (Belgian spelling): © IWM (Q 29876): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...352772560310272
Gasmask for men and donkey: https://i2.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...-muli.jpg?ssl=1
King George V inspecting men of the South African Native Labour Corps at Abbeville: © IWM (Q 2573): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...367872876740610

Eastern Front
Galicia: “Kerensky” Or “Second Brusilov (Summer)” Offensive: Kornilov takes Halicz (now Halych, Ukraine) with 2,000 PoWs, Kalusz (July 11), crosses river Lomnica (July 12). By July 13 total Russian PoW haul 36,643.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Egypt: Lawrence meets Allenby at Cairo, gains £200,000 monthly subsidy for Arabs (later £500,000) apart from £16,000 in gold for Aqaba.
Mesopotamia: British occupy Madhij Defile 18 miles west of Falluja on Euphrates; 2 German airmen surrender on foot at Samarra.

Political, etc
Germany: German Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg: “We cannot declare our terms of peace. We must fight and conquer.”
United Kingdom: Associated Press reports that 7,000,000 seven-penny and shilling books have been sent to soldiers at the front.
Official statement gives British captures on all fronts since beginning of war as 117,772 prisoners and 759 guns.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
In light of the German air raids on Britain, a Cabinet Committee is set up to consider air organisation and air defence. Although nominally under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, in practice the Committee consisted solely of Lieutenant General Jan C. Smuts.
Western Front: After bad weather delay, Royal Flying Corps Flanders pre-Third Ypres offensive begins, including night-bombing.
A new British Airco DH-4 bomber, which entered service in spring 1917: https://i2.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...o-DH4.jpg?ssl=1

Eastern Front
Galicia: “Kerensky” Or “Second Brusilov (Summer)” Offensive: Capture of Kalusz (western Stanislau, Galicia) by Russians.

Southern Front
Statistics of health of British army at Salonika published.

Naval and Overseas Operations
Report of British operations in East Africa published.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
British column from Feluja (Euphrates) engages Turkish force up the river and inflicts considerable loss.
Despatch on operations in Mesopotamia published. India Secretary Austen Chamberlain resigns his PUS Montagu succeeds on July 17.
Mesopotamia: c.2,500 British, 4 armored cars, 14 guns with 127 vans and lorries (600 infantry carried) attack 820 Turks with 6 guns at Ramadi; but make little progress due to accurate Ottoman fire, a dust storm, & burning heat (321 out of 566 casualties to heat). British beat off 1,500 Arabs in retreat to Dhibban.
121°F heat evaporates water in 3 Royal Flying Corps aircraft trying to support Ramadi attack (2 German aircraft similarly lost on July 9).

Political, etc
Germany: Kaiser promises an equal franchise in the next elections to the Prussian Diet.
Russia: Overworked and insomniac Lenin travels to Finland to rest (Until July 17).
United Kingdom: Announcement of judicial enquiry into the conduct of all persons affected by Mesopotamia Reported.
Kiplings poem ‘Mesopotamia’ published in Morning Post.
Ireland: Sinn Fein candidate Edward (Éamon) de Valera, Irish commander during the Easter Rising, defeats Nationalist in East Clare election.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Gets me tired just trying to imagine temperatures like that.

Western Front
Flanders: FIRST USE OF MUSTARD GAS: Germans fire 50,000 rounds (125t) at British near Ypres (Allies dub it Yperite), 2,490 gassed (87 deaths), mainly in 15th Division.
Edward ‘Mick’ Mannock scores 4 victories (until July 13). Record air activity to date including 30 Anglo-French fighters vs 30 German (2 lost) on day that costs 9 British and 14 German aircraft.
French Army patrol leaving their trenches in the La Haranzee sector: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...760494933934081
King George V and General Julian Byng visiting a war cemetery at Thiepval: © IWM (Q 5642): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...109032444362753
Donald Cunnell, British observer known for shooting down and wounding von Richthofen (Red Baron), is killed in action.
British air raid into Belgium.

Eastern Front
Galicia: “Kerensky” Or “Second Brusilov (Summer)” Offensive: General Kornilov crosses the Lomnica river. Minor Russian progress towards Dolina.

Naval and Overseas Operations
North Sea: Destroyer HMS Patriot depth charges and sinks U-69 east of Shetlands.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Palestine: Allenby asks for 3 more Royal Flying Corps Squadrons, gets 2 by September.
British troops withdraw from the Battle of Ramadi due to the Ottoman defenses and the excessive desert heat of around 50°C (123°F).
Announced that Turks have been routed by King of Hejaz in northern Arabia, 700 killed, 600 prisoners.

Political, etc
Russia: Former Tsar Nicholas of Russia appeals to the Provisional Government so he can buy bonds to fund the new government and war effort.
United Kingdom: Large increase in the number of divorces in Britain is blamed on hasty weddings with “unhappy sequels” by soldiers going to the front.
United States: Vigilantes illegally kidnapped and forcibly deported about 1,300 striking mine workers, their supporters, and bystanders from Bisbee, Arizona, U.S., to New Mexico. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbee_Deportation
China: Chinese Republican troops fighting in the Eastern Palace Entrance, Peking: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...063721663561728
With Peking surrounded by Republican troops, monarchist General Zhang Xun flees & the restored Emperor Puyi falls from power.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Germany’s use of mustard gas against British forces around Nieuwpoort cause 2,143 casualties and silence British artillery guns.
King George V and his party walking through the damaged streets of Peronne: © IWM (Q 5671): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...444963676368896

Eastern Front
Galicia: “Kerensky” Or “Second Brusilov (Summer)” Offensive: Further Russian progress around Kalusz; claim 1,600 prisoners.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Sahara: 960 French and Allies from Agades defeat Senussi Khoassen and take his gun at Amzet but he raids Dammerghou killing 20 French on August 30.

Political, etc
Germany: Theobold von Bethmann resigns as Imperial German Chancellor, Dr Michaelis (from Prussian Food Office, unknown to Kaiser) succeeds on July 14. Foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann resigns on July 15. Dr Georg Michaelis in 1932 (Bundesarchiv, Picture 183-2004-0720-500). The completely unknown lawyer, after the OHL had sawn out the ‘soft’ Bethmann, was called, quite surprisingly, as Chancellor. He was inexperienced and also preventing the peace resolution of the Reichstag, and in 1926 he was made responsible for the ‘possible prolongation of the war to Germany’s disadvantage’. After only 3 1/2 months in the office he was replaced again: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...aelis.jpg?ssl=1
France: General Petroleum Committee formed.
United Kingdom: Deputation on London Air Defences received by Prime Minister.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Flanders: Between July 14 and August 4 German artillery fire 1 million rounds (2,500t) of mustard gas shell at British between Nieuport and Armentieres; 14,726 gassed (500 deaths).
Gas victims by the mustard gas used by the Germans in Ypres in July 1917, which the British call Yperit: https://i2.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...krieg.jpg?ssl=1
German attacks repulsed in region of Lombartzyde (Nieuport).
Champagne: French capture trenches on Moronvilliers Massif; counter-attacks repulsed on July 15 and 16.
Aisne: Germans make small gains on Chemin des Dames and at Cerny.
Artois: First AEF (American Expedition Force) casualty, Lieutenant Louis I Genella suffers shell wound with BEF southwest of Arras.
France: General Estienne reviews his Schneider tanks at Champlieu camp near Compiegne.
King George V and Queen Mary end their tour of the Western Front and embark at Calais: © IWM (Q 2591): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...822459919970304
Footage documenting King George V and Queen Mary’s visit to the Western Front from July 3 to the 14th: http://film.iwmcollections.org.uk/record/index/47234

Eastern Front
Finland declares independence from Russia.

Naval and Overseas Operations
East Africa: Kilwa Forces (Beves) surprises and drives Germans from Mtandawala. Shorthose’s NRFF column (700 soldiers with 2 guns) gets airdropped orders to occupy Tunduru 100 miles to north, rafts across river Rovuma on July 31.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Successful British raid on Turks near Gaza.

Political, etc
Germany: Kaiser Wilhelm calls on Field Marshal von Hindenburg and General Ludendorff for a conference in response to the Chancellor’s resignation. Georg Michaelis, with backing by Field Marshal Hindenburg, becomes the new Chancellor of Germany: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...807358806544386
United Kingdom: (Listed for yesterday): British government takes control over this year’s crops of wheat, barley, oats, rye, and potatoes to ensure proper food supply.
Sir Douglas Haig made K.T.
Canada: Ongoing construction of the Peace Tower for the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...505378003320832
United States: U.S. War Department calls on 687,000 men to respond to the draft.
U.S. House of Representatives votes nem. Con. $128,000,000 to send 22,000 aeroplanes and 100,000 airmen to Western Front.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Men of the Chinese Labour Corps working at a timber yard at Caestre, cutting wood for railway construction: © IWM (Q 5898): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...852668786331653
Octave Lapize, French fighter pilot and cyclist who won the 1910 Tour de France, is shot down and killed in action: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...867754175307777
German troops make gains against French lines near Cerny in the Aisne, taking around 500 yards of trenches.
The ruined streets of Liévin, France: © IWM (Q 78490): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...206232641630209
British air raid on Belgium.

Eastern Front
Galicia: “Kerensky” Or “Second Brusilov (Summer)” Offensive: Litzmann’s 4 new German divisions block Kornilov after 18-mile advance, he evacuates Kalusz on July 16 but then holds, gaining and then losing Nowica on July 18.

Southern Front
Italian raid in the Carso, 275 prisoners.

Naval and Overseas Operations
Atlantic: U-boats switch main attack to outward-bound unescorted shipping, twice as risky for latter as homeward bound by August.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Southern Turkey: 4 Royal Navy Air Service Short seaplanes from HMS Empress report hits on cotton factories near Adana. Empress aircraft later starts fires in Beirut quay warehouses in August and on September 27.
Short seaplanes before launching: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...ching.jpg?ssl=1

Political, etc
Germany: Dr. Artur von Zimmermann, German Foreign Minister, resigns (see November 21st, 1916, and August 5th, 1917).
Russia: Crisis in Russia: resignation of four Ministers of Cadet Party, as protest against recognition of the Ukraine.
United Kingdom: Commander Reginald Tyrwhitt of Harwich Force knighted.
David Lloyd George congratulates Russia for the recent successes of the Kerensky Offensive.
United States: 16 women protesting outside of the White House for equal voting rights, known as the “Silent Sentinels,” are arrested: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...914431112323072
China: Republic of China accuses Germany of helping monarchist forces in their attempt to restore the Qing Emperor.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
British airplanes conduct a raid on German targets in Belgium, including a chemical factory in Zeebrugge and railways in Ostend.
The mangled remains of the commune of Chaulnes, France: © IWM (Q 78935): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...543454586753024
Champagne: German counter-attacks repulsed at Moronvillers.

Eastern Front
Galicia: “Kerensky” Or “Second Brusilov (Summer)” Offensive: German and Austro-Hungarian forces launch counterattacks at Kalusz (Kalush, Ukraine) against Russian lines. Russian withdrawal in Galicia; Kalusz evacuated.
Russia claims the capture of 36,773 prisoners in the first 13 days of the Kerensky offensive.

Southern Front
Salonika: Mutinies in French 57th Division and 2nd Zouaves over lack of leave; General Grossetti dissuades 300 men and 90 others arrested. From August leave parties use new shorter trans-Greece railroad route to Itea (Gulf of Corinth) and Taranto then train to Marseilles. These mutinies were quite similar to the earlier mutinies in the French Army on the Western Front.

Naval and Overseas Operations
North Sea: Harwich Force (8 cruisers and 17 destroyers) capture 4 German steamers from Rotterdam in neutral waters and drive 2 more ashore on Dutch coast (24 German merchant ships sunk on this route in 1917).

Political, etc
Russia: Russian ‘July Days’ Rising (until July 19): According to some sources, this was an abortive part-Trotsky inspired revolt in Petrograd, Lenin returns (17) & calls it off. In actuality, the Bolsheviks initially attempted to prevent the demonstrations and then decided to support them; Lenin went into hiding on the first day, then made a statement the next day, trying to call off the uprising. The uprising started on 16 July with spontaneous demonstrations braking out in Petrograd. They were started by the soldiers of the 1st Machine-gun Regiment, who were influenced by the anarchists. At a secret conference on 15 July the anarchists had decided to summon the workers and soldiers of Petrograd to an anti-government demonstration.
July demonstration in Petrograd. The banner says: ‘Down with the capitalist ministers. All power to the Soviets’: https://i2.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...ation.jpg?ssl=1
United Kingdom: New Admiralty Planning Section formed under Captain Dudley Pound.
George Bernard Shaw predicts that, “This war will be won in the sky and not in the trenches.”
Japan: Japan blacklists companies in neutral countries that does trade with Germany.
United States: Boys drilling with bayonets at a military training camp for young boys at Peekskill, New York: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...574933358370816

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Third Ypres: bombardment (until July 30) begins: British fire 4,283,550 shells (cost £22,211,389 14s 4d) including 100,000 rounds (250t) of chlorpicrin gas shells at Germans (until July 31); 1,250 gassed (75 deaths). British trench raids.
Verdun: French claim to regain positions northwest of Mort Homme lost during previous 18 days. Unsuccessful German trench raids northwest of Verdun on July 18.

Eastern Front
Galicia: “Kerensky” Or “Second Brusilov (Summer)” Offensive: Russians momentarily hold their positions in Galicia against German counter-thrust.

Political, etc
Russia: Russian ‘July Days’ Rising (until July 19): Justice Ministry documents allege Lenin a German agent (until July 18) as do other sources. 6,000 Kronstadt sailors join Red rising but Cossacks begin charges as troops arrive from Front.
500,000 pro-Bolshevik demonstrators march peacefully in Petrograd, but government troops attack the crowd to disperse it.
Demonstrators flee on Nevsky Prospekt, Petrograd after Russian Provisional Government forces open fire with machine guns: https://i1.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...ograd.jpg?ssl=1
United Kingdom: Proclamation issued changing name of British Royal House to Windsor from House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, due to Anti-German sentiment.
Government reshuffle makes Winston Churchill Munitions Minister; Christopher Addison becomes Minister without Portfolio (essentially, in charge of examining and planning ahead, as far as was possible for post-war economic reconstruction); Carson joins War Cabinet, also as Minister without Portfolio, representing the Unionists in Ireland.
Canada: Resolution in favor of extension of Canadian Parliament passed.
United States: Presidential order drafts 678,000 of June 5 registrees. War Secretary draws first number for draft on July 20.
A Canadian Highlander soldier and an U.S. soldier in New York City for “British Recruiting Week.”: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...605136407261185
China: Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen arrives in Canton (Guangzhou) to establish a new government in opposition to Premier Duan Qirui.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
At Verdun, veteran French troops attack German lines on the Meuse and take 1.5 miles of trenches.
A British dressing station built under a ruined house at Ecoust-Saint-Mein, France: © IWM (Q 5689): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...983885623578626
German raids south of St. Quentin and north-west of Verdun.

Eastern Front
Galicia: “Kerensky” Or “Second Brusilov (Summer)” Offensive: Battle of Dvinsk (Also known as the Battle of East Galicia): (until July 25): German Armeeabteilung D (Kirchbach) repels Denikin’s West Front.
Russian PoWs move with their machine guns towards collecting points: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...ngene.jpg?ssl=1

Naval and Overseas Operations
Atlantic: British submarine C34 is sunk by the German submarine U-52 off Fair Isle in Shetland. https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...937325640568832
Mediterranean: French tell Greek Minister of Marine, Fleet to be returned in batches, first cruiser Helle, 4 destroyers and torpedo boat by August 13.
Italy: Vice-Admiral Del Bono Minister of Marine for duration of war.
Baltic: 2 destroyers sail from Helsinki with 100-strong delegations supporting ‘July Days Rising’; both arrested. Kerensky condemns Fleet’s disloyalty (July 20) and appoints Destroyer Division Commander, Captain Alexander V Razvozov, Rear-Admiral and C-in-C, aged 38 (July 20) after cashiering the hapless Verderevski. Centrobalt command dissolved on July 23 temporarily.

Political, etc
Austria-Hungary: Arz memo says only Rumanian food imports sustaining Monarchy till new harvest.
Russia: Russian ‘July Days’ Rising (until July 19): Officer Cadets smash Pravda offices, Lenin goes into hiding and fears assassination. Russian troops loyal to the Provisional Government arrive in Petrograd to put down pro-Bolshevik demonstrators. Martial law is proclaimed.
United Kingdom: Sir Eric Cambell-Geddes becomes the new First Lord of the Admiralty: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...967545634357248
Canada: Petition to extend the Canadian Parliament will not be put forward.
Australia: Australian repatriation scheme introduced.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
The Smuts Committee releases an interim report examining the air defence of the United Kingdom. Among the Committee's recommendations are the establishment of a London Air Defence Area to encompass all of the United Kingdom within Gotha bomber range and the acceleration of plans to form additional day-fighter squadrons for home defence.
A white goat mascot of the 2nd Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers at Cavillon: © IWM (Q 5691): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...270753493712898
British soldiers having a bath in the sea at Etaples, France: © IWM (Q 3883): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...285858407260160
A French Schneider CA1 tank training at Champlieu: © IWM (Q 69504): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...300973097615360
A damaged mine in Liévin, France: © IWM (Q 78488): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...653267433500672
Heavy German attacks south of Lombartzyde (Nieuport sector), south of St. Quentin, and north of the Aisne repulsed.

Eastern Front
Galicia: “Kerensky” Or “Second Brusilov (Summer)” Offensive: Battle of Dvinsk (Also known as the Battle of East Galicia): German breakthrough in Galicia forces the end of the Russian offensive. Hoffmann’s counter-offensive with Eben’s 9 divisions (8 from Western Front) makes 12-mile wide breach east of Zloczow helped by Bruchmüller hurricane barrage. Russian Eleventh Army flees en masse, losing 6,000 PoWs and 70 guns by July 21
Western Russia: Battle of Smorgon-Krevo (until July 27): German Tenth Army repulses assault after 2-mile Russian penetration on July 22.
Russian soldiers breaking and running in panic in East Galicia due to a Central Powers counterattack: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...623083154173952

Naval and Overseas Operations
East Africa: Battle of Narungombe: 1,700 British soldiers (363 casualties) with 20 MGs attack Captain Liebermann’s c.800 men, 2 guns and 48 MGs in waterhole hill positions. Narungombe occupied on July 20 as Germans retreat south to Mihambia, lost 1 MG.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Turkish cavalry force encountered west of Beersheba (Palestine) and driven back.

Political, etc
Germany: The Reichstag passes Resolution as to German War Aims by 212-126 vote ‘strives for a peace by agreement and a permanent reconciliation’. The resolution also calls for no annexations or indemnities & for freedom of the seas. New Chancellor Michaelis says Germany will not again offer peace.
Crown Prince Rupprecht letter to Interior Minister bemoans Bavaria’s plight against Berlin heavy industry.
Russia: Russian ‘July Days’ Rising (until July 19): The last 500 rebels surrender to General Polovtsev.
M. Alexander Kerenski succeeds Prince Georgi Lvov as Premier of Russia temporarily.
Kerensky (center) at the funeral of cossacks killed in the Petrograd July riots: https://i2.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...neral.jpg?ssl=1
Finnish Scim proclaims Finland’s autonomy.
United Kingdom: Report on operations in East Africa published.
British statement issued on Russian and German Socialists meeting at Stockholm.
Italy: Italy refuses to allow the US to conscript Italian nationals living in the US, while UK & France will allow their citizens to be conscripted.
An Italian geography lesson taking place in Grado, a town taken by Italian troops from Austria-Hungary: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...638186670927873

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Britain: Cabinet sanctions Haig’s Ypres offensive, provided it is called off if progress is unsatisfactory.

Eastern Front
Galicia: Battle of Dvinsk (Also known as the Battle of East Galicia): German breach of Russian front in Galicia growing; retreat stayed in Brzezany and Halicz regions.

Asiatic and Egyptian Theaters
Turkey: Army Group Kommando F formed to control German troops.
Turkish troops in Palestine, inspected by Enver Pasha: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...stine.jpg?ssl=1
Palestine: British 54th Division (over 100 casualties) trench raids southwest of Umbrella Hill causing over 118 casualties and MG and mortar taken
Record heat at Baghdad 123 deg.

Political, etc
Serbia: Corfu Declaration, signed by Prime Minister Pasic, Dr Trumbic and Montenegro Committee for National Union, seeks union of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Germany: German official casualties now number 1,032,800 men killed and 2,325,581 wounded, not including naval and colonial forces.
Russia: The Russian Provisional Government orders the arrest of Vladimir Lenin, who has gone into hiding.
United States: President Wilson pardons 16 women suffragists arrested outside of the White House. The women refuse the pardon, but are forced out of jail.

__________________
On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.

Western Front
Heavy artillery battle in Flanders.
Four German attacks against French lines on the Aisne fail due to effective French artillery fire.
Battery of U.S. 155 mm artillery guns near Froissy, France: © IWM (Q 69953): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...986731659743233
German Crown Prince Wilhelm inspecting German soldiers at Charleville-Mézières, France: © IWM (Q 23775): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...001837751783425
A British soldier using salvaged sewing machines as a writing desk in Fampoux, France: © IWM (Q 5700): https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...364221628657664

Eastern Front
Galicia: Germans near Tarnopol despite “heroic” Royal Navy Air Service armored car action (5 cars lost).
German and Austro-Hungarian gains against Russian lines in Galicia grow, with several thousand Russian prisoners captured.
Battle of Smorgon-Krevo: Russians retreating on the Sereth.
Baltic Provinces: Russian North Front ‘offensive’ (until July 23): only 2 of 6 divisions allocated participate (182nd Division at gunpoint).

Naval and Overseas Operations
H.M.S. Otway torpedoed, 10 lost.

Political, etc
Serbia: The text of the Corfu Declaration, proposing the creation of Yugoslavia: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...016949405528065
Russia: Kerensky orders arrest of only 6 Bolsheviks (excluding Trotsky) and allows only voluntary disarming.
In Petrograd, around 160 people were killed and 700 wounded in the past few days due to government clamp down on the Bolsheviks.
The ‘hesitation’ of Kerensky won him the mistrust of both the officers’ corps and the revolutionaries: https://i0.wp.com/ww2-weapons.com/w...ensky.jpg?ssl=1
United Kingdom: Lloyd George says 1917-18 food supplies already secured. Churchill speech at Dundee ‘We are the heart, the centre of the League of Nations. If we fail, all fail.’ Lloyd George says new German Chancellor’s speech means military have won, speech of July 23 says peace only achievable with German people.
British government orders the reduction of bread prices by 25% and meat prices by 30%.
United States: In Washington D.C., drawings begin for the draft lottery to provide 687,000 men for the U.S. military: https://twitter.com/CenturyAgoToday...036044867866626
Poland: Arrest and deportation to Germany of General Józef Pilsudski.

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On the kinkometer, my kink measures as a sine wave.